Sunday, August 18, 2013

The Brain

I alluded last post to some strange find that my dad made while we were in Montana. I was planning on doing a post on it, but we have yet to get full information on the object in question and I would prefer to hold off until we know all the details. However, I will state the basics:

My dad found the fossilized brain of an ancient flying reptile. 

The term for the object is 'endocast', meaning it isn't the brain itself, but a cast of the inside of the skull that was made when mud and minerals seeped into the brain cavity, the mud hardened into rock, and the skull around it weathered away to reveal a perfect brain-shaped lump. We suspect it's some sort of pterosaur, probably related to the species Anhanguera, and we have had the university of Ohio asking to take CAT scans of it so that they might have a digital copy of it to study. We still don't entirely know what to do with it and are waiting for feedback from an old friend who might have an idea, but we are very excited and I can't wait to find out more about the animal it once was.
 I'll report back once I know the facts, but for now, here's a short poem-like thing (that doesn't rhyme) that I wrote once while I was going out of my mind from boredom during math class....



You know me well.
I am the bringer of tempests, of storms and great change.
I make the earth tremble, make fire spew to the skies. 
I raze great cities and topple empires to the ground.
There are none who oppose me, at least not for long.
Egypt knew me as Sekhmet, the Greeks as Ares.
I am the vengeance of the earth,
And I am greatly displeased.
 

Thursday, August 1, 2013

Montana and Fossils

All right. I'm back from Montana. I'm very tired. I returned with some seventy pounds of agates, petrified wood, and fossilized sea creatures, and I've also developed a temporary pathological fear of our car or driving in general which I'm hoping will wear off soon.

For those who aren't on facebook, here's what I've been up to the past few days, and why I wasn't able to post this past Saturday:

My dad, my brother and I have been planning a trip to Montana for awhile now. Our goal was to find fossils, which, in retrospect, seems to be what all my family vacations are centered around. The badlands of eastern Montana are perfect sites for digging; the bluffs are filled with untold treasures from millions of years ago, and long exposure to wind has eroded the scruffy prairie grass and the thin topsoil to reveal the sediment where one might find these fossils. However, neither my dad nor I knew exactly where to look, so we enlisted the help of our friend Ward Olson to help.

Ward Olson
Ward is a character. He is an old friend that my dad met when he was studying paleontology in school. The man's only a little taller than me, gray-haired, built like a compact little gorilla, and wears clothing that looks like it should have rotted off him years ago. His formerly black hair and beard (now gray) were what originally earned him his nickname 'the troll'. After driving twelve hours through Minnesota, North Dakota, and half of Montana to get to a little, two by four-block town called Rosebud, we were supposed to meet him at a post office on the edge of town at 4:00. He wasn't there. He was expecting us at 6:00, thinking we'd be unable to get moving in time.

Darrell and Carol--Pacing out tipi rings
We eventually gave up on Ward and instead set about looking for Darrell, the man whose yard we were going to be camping in. We managed to get a hold of him, and found his house on the edge of town next to a little marsh.
Darrell, and his girlfriend Carol, turned out to be two of the nicest people we could have hoped for. Darrell is an artifacts collector; He's part Cheyenne Native American, and has dedicated his life to finding and protecting ancient Native American sites and artifacts. During the entire course of the trip, he gave us a running history lesson on all the places we visited--mostly related to the battle of Little Big Horn--and showed us his collections of artifacts that he'd acquired over the years. He had everything from arrowheads, effigies, photographs of medicine sites, to bridle bits from Custer's cavalry, and he told us stories about how he found these things and what they meant. We stayed up for hours after Ward finally arrived, and it was late when we finally flopped down on our sleeping bags out in the tent and dropped off to sleep.
The next day, Darelll took us out to a private ranch that he routinely combed for artifacts and directed us towards a dried-out river bed that looked like it only ran when there was a lot of rain. Ward, Darrell and Carol were gone over the ridge in a heartbeat, while my dad, my brother and I set out more slowly along the bottom of the bed, our eyes glued to the ground. At first, we didn't find much--a few oyster shells and some squiggly rocks that could have been sections from an ammonite--but once we figured out what we were looking for, we began encountering thick patches of exposed sediment and rubble, which, when dug through, yielded what looked like squished sections of tube divided by squiggly leaf patterns:

After we met up again with Ward, we found out that they were something called Bacculites, a genus of cephalopods from the late Cretaceous. What we were finding were the shells, some of which still had the original mother-of-pearl outer shell covering the fossilized rock underneath. In life, the tentacles and eyes of the animal would have jutted out one end, like a nautilus, resembling a squid or an octopus with a shell. I found enough of these things to fill my little blue fossil bag, and Ward, when he came back, was waddling on account of all the rocks stuffed in his pockets. He'd found a lot of bacculites as well, along with another species of ammonite called Placenticeras--also from the Late Cretaceous--which developed in a spiraling whorl with segmented chambers on the inside. We found one too, but ours was broken.

Buffalo
Once we were all back together, Darrell asked us if we wanted to see some ancient Native American petroglyphs that he'd discovered on a bluff just south of where we'd been searching. As if he needed to ask. He drove us up, and we climbed  the side of the sandstone bluff to where the pictures were etched into the rock--a buffalo, a bear, a man with a shield, and elk hooves--along with the carved graffiti from dozens of kids who'd decided to add their names to history...right over the petroglyphs. There once were other glyphs up there, but Darryl said they'd been either worn away by time or cracked off the surface of the rock by sliding chunks of sandstone. It's odd to think that one day, even the ones that are still there will be gone.


After the glyphs, we ended the day by picking agates along a river not far from Darryl's place. There wasn't a lot at first, because we were searching in places that other people had already combed, but once we moved to the harder to reach spots, we began finding Montana moss agates and petrified wood by the handfuls. Between me, my brother, and my dad, we probably collected a good fifty pounds.
Agate picking--Eli in front
It rained that night, and so on Monday, we decided that it would be our last day; we didn't want to set up a wet tent that night. After packing up and saying goodbye to Carol, we left with Darrell and Ward for a little town called Glendive. From there, we turned off to the south and bumped our way along a crushed-shale road that wound through exposed hills and the oil-drilling sites that had been set up out there. It stank of petrol whenever we rolled down the windows. Neither Ward nor Darrell knew exactly where we were going (not exactly the most encouraging thing when your guide drives down a dead-end, stops, and then turns around and goes back), but eventually we ended up at the top of a hill looking down on a burnt-out cedar forest and patches of exposed black shale. Arming ourselves with rock hammers and bags, we set off down the hill.
Ammonite
We hit our stride there. What we found were dozens of large, lumpy balls of fossilized mud which, when smashed open with a rock hammer, proved to be full of clumps of fossilized clam shells. That was interesting at first, and we stuffed our bags with these things, but about a hundred feet beyond our first big find, we stumbled across a vein of rubble that was filled with ammonites--genus Scaphites. We quickly dumped the less impressive clams and began working on the ammonites. By the time we were done, my bag felt like it weighed three hundred pounds, and my jaw actually hurt from the strain on my neck and shoulders. We tramped back up to the top of the ridge tired but very much satisfied, and said our goodbyes to Ward and Darryl at the top. We then had a Ward adventure.

 Anyone who knows him has been through something like this before.We'd been doing pretty good for the majority of the trip, mostly by staying on our toes and listening to Darrell rather than Ward, but we let our guard drop just a little bit towards the end.
"It's only 18 miles from here to Baker," was what he told us. Instead of following our tracks back and heading for Glendive, Ward decided that it would be quicker for us to continue on towards a town called Baker, from whence we could hop onto the interstate and be on our way home. "18 miles from here to Baker" was not the case when we set out. It was an hour and a half later, when we'd gone about forty miles south of where we needed to be, and we'd ended up asking for directions from an oil rig worker (the only other living soul out there). When we got to Baker, we discovered that we were another hour south of the interstate, and had to navigate our way back to Glendive in order to get back on the interstate. We cheered heartily when we hit paved road again. From Glendive, it was another eight hours back home, most of which was done in the dark. I've never been so glad to see home in my life.

Here's to the troll, and to adventures in the future--may they ever be unexpected.

Happy reading!

S.R. Koch



Keep watch for the next post--we found something very unexpected in the final spot we searched, and my plan is to do a full Things From the Shelf post once I've done all the research.










Monday, July 15, 2013

A Quick Thank-You

My thanks to Chris Firkus, who answered my question this week about how a stonefly changes from breathing water through gills as a naiad to breathing air as an adult. Here's the answer he posted on facebook:

"The gills are directly attached to the spiracles and are a continuation of the internal circulatory system to the gills. Then when they shed the gills at the spiracle, the spiracle is what is left. Both are passive respiration by diffusion." 

Chris will be receiving an original Trout Lily Studios woodblock print in thanks for his answer. I'm very grateful for his input, and for satisfying my curiosity where Google failed.

Keep an eye out for the next post!

Saturday, July 13, 2013

Stoneflies

            There are around 1600 species of stoneflies in the world, 450 of which are to be found in North America, and yet I found that I knew next to nothing about them. I suspect I’m not the only one, and I hope to remedy that with this Things from the Shelf.

I recently went on a tubing trip with my dad down the Apple River. The weather cooperated, the river was clear, and we only had one spot where we had to get out and clamber over a fallen tree. The only problem I encountered was the fact that my tube had sprung a leak, so I could hear it bubbling the entire trip and I was riding about five inches deeper by the time we pulled out.
            Otherwise, it was great. The Apple River that runs through my grandfather’s land is beautiful, with trees lining the riverbanks on either side and deep fish ponds where I could flail free of my inner tube and dive. There were a few close calls—I nearly got taken out by a duck house that was staked in the middle of the river—and some of the fallen trees that we passed underneath were close enough that we had to lean in order to slip under.
            There’s a lot of wildlife out there on the river, secluded from human civilization as we were. My dad acquired a spider passenger after we went under a log at one point—I’m thinking it was some sort of orb weaver—and there were swarms of damselflies of all colors ranging along the banks that would alight on your arms or legs if you sat very still as you went by.
            Now, as we were passing some rocks not far from the park where we pulled out, I noticed that the rock was peppered with little gray shapes. I was waiting for my dad to get through the rapids, so I anchored myself on the rock and took a closer look to pass the time, and found that they were stonefly sheds. Stoneflies, for those who don’t know, are very closely related to the cockroach. They’re long of body—from six to fifty millimeters in length—with long, veined, transparent wings that fold up crosswise over their back, hence their scientific name—‘Plecoptera’ meaning ‘twisted’ in Greek.

 What I was finding was the sheds from the partially-grown naiads. Stoneflies go through what is known as incomplete metamorphosis, meaning they don’t make sudden, definite shifts from one stage in life to another like a caterpillar metamorphosing into a pupa and on into a butterfly. Instead, they develop gradually into an adult over a period of instars—growth stages between sheds—until their wings have fully developed and they can leave on their mating flight. The naiads look a lot like the adults, save without wings. They have a wide, flat head, a three-sectioned thorax, and a segmented abdomen from which branches a pair of tails (or ‘cersi’). The wings begin developing partway through their metamorphosis as little sacs on their backs, and will grow steadily until they reach their adult stage.
            The adult stoneflies deposit their eggs in fast-moving rivers, so the naiads naturally must be adapted for life on the river bottom. Their bodies are flat, with the strong, anchoring legs splaying out from the sides so that they can cling to rocks in fast currents and let the water rush right over them. They’re also equipped with gills, which appear as tiny, hair-like structures growing on and around the thoracic region, mostly where the legs meet the body. They anchor themselves on rocks in the center of the current, and seem to prefer fast, cold, highly oxygenized water. If there isn’t enough oxygen for them to breathe, they’ll perform ‘push-ups’ in order to move more water over their gills.
            When the adults hatch, they don’t have much for mouthparts. They will have chewing mandibles, but these tend to be nonfunctional since the adults usually don’t live long—from a few hours to a few days—though they do survive a little longer than the average mayfly. They immediately rise to mate, and afterwards the female will either lay her eggs near the surface of the water or dive beneath the surface to lay them on the bottom. The eggs have adapted just as the naiads and adults, and are equipped with either a sticky substance or some sort of anchor to fasten them to the river bottom. After eight to ten months, the eggs hatch, and the process starts all over again.
            The sheds that I found ranged in size from an inch to half an inch, and I was told that they were small compared to what they would become later on during their metamorphosis. After my dad caught up, I decided that on the next cycle through, I would bring a jar and collect some of the sheds. I did that, and put it in a bag and tied it around my waist. After the beating I dealt it coming down the river the second time, I’m surprised it was still intact, and yet somehow I was able to not only keep the jar, but also find the rock where I’d seen the sheds and collect a good dozen or so for my shelf museum. A week later, I realized I still didn’t have a post ready for the weekend, so I pulled out the box of stoneflies and began researching.

            For the most part, I found out everything I wanted, but unfortunately, there’s something I’m still curious about: How does the circulatory and respiratory system of the stonefly shift from breathing water through gills to breathing air through little holes (called ‘spiracles’)? So far, I’ve had no success with Google. If any of my readers can figure out the answer, I would greatly appreciate it if they would post in the comments section below, and I will be sure to share the answer on the blog for all to see.



Happy reading!
S. R. Koch












Resources:




Saturday, June 29, 2013

Dragons

Something quiet and nostalgic for anyone who's ever wondered what else was out there.


Dragons
By S.R. Koch

Dragons live in the north. It’s their homeland. Their race was born from the roots of a great mountain that has long since been lost to time and memory, and so they have an inherent love of the cold that drives them to live in the far north where the snows never leave. They wander, of course. They like to travel and see the world, and many dragons are born in warmer climates while their parents roam. They all end up migrating back to the north, however. Never the far south. Perhaps it’s something scientific, like magnetism, but they and I both believe that it has more to do with being on top. Their race was born of the mountains, and they like to be at the top of things.
I knew a dragon—Tormund, was his name—and he was an amiable enough fellow. Few people get to meet dragons these days. They were hunted mercilessly during the middle ages, and since then their race has avoided humans as often as possible. I met Tormund as a yearling, when he was young and inexperienced and had not yet made his pilgrimage to the north. He’d gotten himself stuck in a cow pasture, with his wings tangled in the barbed wire fence, and was panicking because the cows had found him interesting. It was almost funny—a creature well over the size of a good-sized draft horse squalling and shrieking in terror as a herd of big-eyed cows shuffled and lowed curiously around him. I had to get wire-cutters to get his wings free, and afterward he tried to hide behind me, all the while hissing fearfully at the cows, who were still trying to get a good look at him. He came from an island out in the pacific where his parents had hatched his egg, and he’d never seen anything like cows before. I had to explain to him, as I was dressing and binding the scratches and cuts on his wings, that they were not dangerous, though the men who usually kept them could be if they caught a large predatory animal prowling around their cattle. He listened raptly with big, luminous, gold-and-green eyes staring fixedly at my face.
            Dragons are actually strangely catlike in appearance. Tormund was green—like emeralds—with black edges to his scales that made him seem like a patch of shadow beneath a tree. His body was lean, muscular, and streamlined, with slim but powerful limbs tipped with long claws set on surprisingly deft fingers. His head was long and horse-ish, with spined crests above the eyes and running down the length of his back, and his wings were wide sails of thin green membrane stretched between five clawed fingers and traced with delicate blue veins. He was a beautiful creature, and he knew it very well. Not all dragons are vain, or greedy, or kind-hearted. They’re like people—different. Tormund happened to be a very vain creature, though he was gentle, and he had an avid sense of curiosity. We became friends, and he stayed with me for a time while his wing was healing.
            He eventually left, for which I had mixed feelings—sadness because he’d been a great companion for the month or so that he’d stayed, but also relieved because he ate half his weight once a week and the deer in the area were on the verge of running out. Where he went to, I did not know. I waited, and watched the skies, but didn’t see him again for another ten years. By then, I had my own family, and he surprised my wife and me as we were walking in the woods behind our house when he suddenly touched down in a clearing nearby. He’d grown a lot since I’d last seen him—he was now easily bigger than my big pickup truck, and longer than a bus even if you didn’t count his tail, and the beginnings of a small, spined beard had grown on his chin and down his neck a little ways.
            After introducing Tormund and my wife, I asked how he’d been. He said fine, and he told me what he’d been up to; He’d visited the Amazon for a time, prowling along the banks of the river watching snakes and crocodiles and their hunting. After that, he said, he’d traveled to Egypt, where he flew to the top of the pyramids at Giza during the night and perched there to watch the stars. He said that he liked the desert because of the sand and the way the sandstorms polished his scales like glass, but he felt slightly wrong there because of the heat, and he’d eventually left to fly the ocean just to feel a cool breeze. He’d met a few other dragons, he said, old ones, and they’d gotten him thinking about making a pilgrimage to the north. He’d decided to wait, though.
            When he asked how I had been, I replied that I too had been doing well. I had Mary and my two kids—Rodney and Brianne—and a nice home out in the country with a dog and a small flock of chickens. I told him of college—about business school, and how I’d met Mary at a party one night and we’d decided to get married a few years later—and I talked of the business I’d put together—a small booksellers just on the corner of Snelling and Cross down in the little town nearby. He seemed pleased that I was happy, though he asked me if I would like to travel with him for awhile. I politely declined, saying that I had my family to look after, though I would have liked to come. He nodded, understanding, and after goodbyes and expressing his pleasure in meeting my wife, he left in a clap of wings and a burst of dried leaves.
            I didn’t see him for another fifteen years, in which time my kids grew, one by one, and left. My wife and I continued to run the bookshop and tend our chickens. The dog had died, years ago of a cancer in his neck, and we’d never had the heart to get another one. We got a cat instead—a scrawny stray tortie that my wife rescued off the side of the road. We named her Milly, and she was a terrible beggar at the dinner table. I blame my wife—she encouraged her.
            I was alone this time, tending the chickens, when Tormund appeared again, this time with something clutched carefully in his foreclaws. When I asked him what it was, he presented it to me proudly—a huge, obsidian egg, with red and blue veins shimmering along its surface like streams of ruby and sapphire. He’d found a mate, he said, and as the male, it was his duty to care for the egg until it hatched. He’d been so excited, he needed to tell me right away, and so he’d flown all the way from India to show me without stopping once. I asked him if he was hungry after such a long flight, and replied no, he’d eaten one of my neighbor’s cows just a few minutes ago. He was too obviously proud of his egg to get angry at.
            He was bigger again, but not by much—his growing had finally leveled out and stopped at maturity—and the horns on his eye ridges and down his back were longer. The beard was longer, and his muscles thick and well-developed. He asked me how I’d been, and I told him. He asked me again if I wanted to travel with him, but I said no, my wife had been ill lately, and I couldn’t leave her. He nodded again, and gazed lovingly at his egg, and after a hasty farewell, he lifted off again, sending my chickens into a panic and making the weather vane on the coop roof spin wildly.
            Five years later, my wife died. Skin cancer. She fought long and hard, but in the end, she was too tired to go on, and she told me as she lay in the hospital bed, among all those unnatural white smells and the harsh fluorescent lights, that she wanted to be in the sun. I nodded silently and took her up in my arms, and snuck her out the back door. I took her to my car and drove her out to the countryside—to a state park we’d visited when we were dating—and I walked with her in my arms far out into the woods, until we found a sunny little patch of moss at the edge of a clearing, right at the base of an old, old maple tree with twining roots. We sat there together for a time, just listening to the leaves and the birds, her with her head on my chest, and me with my arm around her, and we stayed there without speaking until she eventually left me. I carried her back to my house without a word or tear, and the funeral came a month later. I didn’t cry until after the funeral, when I came home and saw the old hiking stick she’d carved for herself, back when she’d been carrying Brianne as a baby. I was sad then, but in a way, I was happy, too. One of the great mysteries of the world.
            I lived alone for two more years. Milly was still with me—an old, scraggly, but still deeply affectionate thing who still begged at the table and who curled up at my feet and drooled on the coverlet at night—but she was bound to leave soon as well, and I was growing tired. One day, on a whim, I walked out to the woods, my cane making a third, round footprint wherever I went, up to the field where I’d first met Tormund as a yearling. The farmer who owned the place was five years dead, and the field had gone wild, but the fence was still there, and I could see where the wire was different from having to be replaced after I cut it out. I stood there looking at it for a while, and was somehow not surprised when the thunder of wings and a rush of wind told me Tormund was back.
            He was in his prime, now—about twenty-five by human terms—with a deep, powerful chest, a proud, spiny beard beneath his chin, and horns jutting from behind his jaws as well as over his eye ridges and down the length of his back. He looked at me with those huge, wise, golden-green eyes, and asked me how my wife was. I told him, and he said he was sorry. He sounded sorry. I asked him how his baby was, and he said that it had been a young drake (male), and that it had hatched blue like sapphires. He had parted ways with it in Egypt—still his favorite place in the world, so far—and then traveled listlessly across China. He’d come back, he said, because he was about to embark on his pilgrimage, and he wanted to ask me one last time if I wanted to come.
            I thought. I was old, very old, probably too old to travel, but like him, I was listless. I had nothing left here—my wife was gone, my children grown, and the bookstore I’d been forced to close two years ago because of the advancement of kindles and the lack of buyers of old books. I wondered what the land of dragons was like, and if anyone like me had ever been there before.
            I told Tormund to wait, and hobbled back to the house. I found an old pack from when my wife and I had taken our hikes around the woods out back, and I filled it with some food, a little money (just in case), denture cleaner, and warm clothes. I replaced my cane with my wife’s old walking stick, and then I hobbled back out to the field with and old blanket and a rope slung under my arm. I told Tormund to crouch down. He did so, his arm proffered for a step, and allowed me to tie the blanket to the slight depression behind his shoulders, where the spines were widely spaced enough for me to sit. When I was done, I heaved my old, aching bones into the makeshift saddle, slung my pack on my back, and told him I was ready. He nodded, told me to hang on, and took off.
            I’ve never experienced anything more thrilling than dragonflight. It took my breath away at the first beat of his massive, powerful wings, and I felt my soul soaring as the two of us lifted higher and higher into the sky. I could see everything for miles—trees, farms, the house where I’d lived my life—and I could feel the wind in my thinning hair as Tormund angled himself forward and into a thermal that brought us even higher. When he’d reached his cruising altitude—the happy medium where he wouldn’t be seen from the ground and I could still breathe—he slipped back out of the thermal and began winging his way forward, towards the north. I leaned back against the spine behind me, and found that I was content.
            I was going to see the dragons, one first and final time.



THE END     

Sunday, June 16, 2013

No Longer Project Pending

This took some time to figure out, so I apologize for the delay. Now I can finally present to you the end result of Project Pending, not to mention a good day and a half's work plus two SIMs cards worth of memory: (Note: there's a mistake in the title--it's supposed to be, 'Around Sophie's Room in 2 Minutes, 25 Seconds')


I've done this before. It started years ago, when my brother was into collecting little Star Wars action figures, and I'd recently acquired a new digital camera that I was itching to try out. I haven't a clue how I got into stop-motion, but that's exactly what I did--I took my brother's Jango Fett and Obi-Wan Kenobi toys out to the stairs (makes for a wonderful stage--I don't have to crouch to see the camera) and had them fight one another, frame by frame. The best part of that film was that Jango Fett's head was magnetized to his shoulders, so I was able to bring the story to a climactic end with Obi-Wan lopping off his head and sending it spinning off stage. 
'Around Sophie's Room in 2 Minutes, 25 Seconds' started when the local library announced that it would be hosting a short film festival this summer, with a competition for homemade movies from kids. I set to work with a will--digging out my old Mega Block monsters and my brother's Star Wars action figures.
I didn't really make any sort of plot--I simply sent one of the clones on an adventure around my room. The various scenes were determined by how easily I could train a camera on the set and where I could hide monsters to jump out at the clone. The biggest challenge I encountered was getting the stupid actors to stay upright; if you look closely, you'll note that everyone in the film has little clay slippers underneath their feet, which will ooze and shift around as the film progresses and I struggle to keep the figures from falling over. (The dragon at the end was the worst). 
The music was all classical--Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 and Puccini's Madame Butterfly, plus the first few bars of Cirque du Soleil's Entre' Act--which I find works best since the music has so many dramatic rising and falling to go along with the film. Splicing the music into the film was most amusing.

All in all, a good project for a lazy summer weekend. I would highly recommend it for anyone looking for something to do--it requires a great deal of patience, but otherwise, it's not that hard. For those of you still reading it, the next chapter in Centaur Ranch is up, and I encourage you to keep watch for the next post from Flying Cat Circus.

Sunday, June 9, 2013

Project Pending

The ACTs were this weekend and finals are on Monday and Tuesday. I had no time to do a proper post this week, but I'm working on something that I plan on posting soon.

Happy summer!