Sunday, May 26, 2013

Heliocopris dominus


Heliocopris dominus--better known as the Elephant Dung Beetle. A couple weeks ago, my family and I went to the Festival of Nations up in St. Paul for a weekend trip. The food was fantastic (save for the goat stew, which we were unfortunate enough to try), and there was music, dancing, and all sorts of strange things for sale in the bazaar. However, being the nerd I am, I didn't get a pretty Chinese lantern or a shirt with a cheesy logo on it as a souvenir. I bought a bug.

The Thailand booth is to blame. Along with the usual kitschy porcelain bobbleheads, gaudy jewelry and traditional clothing, they had a series of mounted…creatures…displayed on the wall. I don’t say insects because they were not limited to the class insecta. There were morpho butterflies, scorpions, and even some shriveled bats with demon eyes mounted in shadow boxes and hanging on the wall. I was sorely tempted to buy the bat for the simple sake of upholding my tradition of collecting the strangest things possible, but I settled instead for the dung beetle. Perhaps it’s for the better—the bat would be a little unnerving mounted on my wall, watching me…
          Delving into research on the elephant dung beetle and the other members of the insect family Scarabaidae unearthed some interesting information. There are over thirty thousand species of scarab beetles worldwide, comprising ten percent of all known beetles and ranging from the 6.7-inch Hercules beetle to the common June/May beetle. Every continent (save Antarctica) plays host to some type or other of scarab. Many species are cultivated as beneficial insects, and others were even once worshipped as gods by ancient human civilizations.


          The dung beetles are some of the more famous members of family Scarabaidae. They’re widely renowned for their peculiar habit of rolling, living in, and even eating packed balls of animal feces. Of the thirty thousand known species of scarabs, seven thousand are dung beetles, and despite their distasteful eating habits, they’ve been rightly recognized by human societies throughout the centuries as a beneficial insect. A single dung beetle is capable of burying two hundred and fifty times its own weight in the course of one night, thus sanitizing its surroundings and reducing breeding grounds for flies. Most dung beetles are capable of using any type of animal feces, though most tend to prefer herbivore waste and a certain few have very particular tastes. The elephant dung beetle, as its name suggests, has a preference for elephant feces, while a species known as Zonocopris gibbicolis feeds solely on snail waste (and will subsequently hitch rides on the backs of said snails). Dung beetles are generally separated into three separate types—dwellers, tunnelers, and rollers. The dwellers do simply that—they dwell in the piles of animal waste that they find, and use it as food for themselves and for newly-hatched grubs. The tunnelers live in dung piles as well, but they create burrows underneath the piles and drag what they can of the waste down with them for their pantries and nurseries. Rollers are the most famous—as their name suggests, they’re the ones who pack their findings into orange-sized dung balls, stand on their front legs, and roll their treasure back to burrows that they build away from the original dung pile.

          Dung beetles have developed specialized physical traits to suit their various lifestyles. The rollers, when pushing their food around, tend to stand on their front legs with their back legs serving as hands. Since the beetle’s weight subsequently rests entirely on the front legs, they’ve developed thick, stubby forelegs with fluted edges to brace against the ground. Male dung beetles are also known to steal dung balls from one another, so they’ve developed plated spikes on the tops of their thoraxes designed for charging down rivals. They all tend to have flat, spade-shaped heads, perfect for burrowing and shoving aside dirt as they tunnel.
          The mythology behind the dung beetle was centered mostly in ancient Egypt. It was associated with the god Khepri—one of the manifestations of the sun god Ra in his journey through the underworld—who was said to roll the sun across the sky each day after being born anew from the earth. This idea came, as one might expect, from their habit of rolling large spheres of dung across the ground for no apparent reason, and the apparent ability of their grubs to ‘create’ themselves by popping up out of their ground after pupating within their burrows. The Egyptians honored Khepri with statues, amulets, and murals in their temples and tombs, oftentimes adorned with multicolored wings. The winged scarab was given a special place in the mummification rites for which the Egyptians were so well renowned—it was depicted as an amulet, usually made from lapis lazuli or turquois and inlaid with the glasslike material known as faience, and was bound over the heart of the corpse among the wrappings as protection against the heart bearing witness against the deceased in the hall of judgment. Hence the name—“heart scarab”. More often than not, these amulets were stolen by grave robbers not long after burial, along with everything else in the tomb.
          I’m fairly certain I will be accused of picking disgusting topics for the Things from the Shelf posts at some time or other, and, admittedly, that is true. That won’t stop me from writing more, though. My shelf is still plenty full of unexplored research topics, and I have every intention of taking advantage of that. If you have comments or questions to offer, feel free to leave them in the comments section below, and I encourage my readers to share to Facebook.

Sunday, May 12, 2013

Metamorphosis


Metamorphosis
By S.R. Koch

People always ask the wrong questions. “What is the meaning of life?” is the most common. Philosophers and other great thinkers tend to worry and ponder over the big questions, when in truth, it’s the little ones they should be asking. “Why do socks always disappear in the laundry?” is a good question, and happens to be one that I can actually explain. There are other questions, of course, like, “Why does toast always land buttered-side down?” or “How do cats always know when you don’t want to be bothered?” Those ones, unfortunately, I can’t answer, though I suspect there’s someone out there who can. Someone who, like me, stumbled into something they weren’t meant to see.
            It was the middle of February, and about three months after my eighth birthday. It had been a cold year, and though I don’t normally mind snow or cold, the fact that our socks seemed to be disappearing at an unusually rapid rate was becoming really irritating. Nine days out of ten, I had to wear mismatched socks, and my poor mom was making weekly runs to the local department store to buy bags of socks for everyone. It was ridiculous, and it never seemed to matter how careful my mom was when she was loading the washer. The socks just vanished, and even after several searches behind the dryer and numerous sweeps of the corners of the laundry room, we could never find them again. I suspected that my dog was stealing them out of the hamper or that my brother was playing a joke on everyone, so I came to the conclusion any sensible person would; I needed to go on a stakeout.
            At age ten, I was a slightly unusual specimen of my gender in that I had absolutely no interest in ponies, princesses, or dressing up dolls. My passion was spying, and my Barbies were usually armed with GI-Joe weapons and sent on daring missions around the house. I owned a dozen code-writing books, I had secret notebooks with invisible-ink pens for all my spy information, and even a pair of night-vision binoculars that my parents bought me for Christmas. Seeing the strange sock shortage as a perfect opportunity to exercise my spying skills in a real-life mission, I went to work full of excitement.
            Our laundry room is a small, cramped room that actually used to be an oversized closet. The washer and dryer take up one entire wall, while the other wall has a huge shelf structure with storage cupboards all along the top. It is there that we keep the canned veggies that we harvest from our garden every year, along with spare quart jars and a couple huge, black pots. I’ve discovered, through intense games of hide-and-seek at my birthday parties, that I can fit into the cupboards if I scrunch my knees up to my chin and squeeze myself between the two big pots. It’s a perfect place to hide, because the divider on the door hides me even if the door is opened, and if I leave it open a crack, I have an excellent view of the room. I use the place whenever I need to avoid practicing piano or when my brother’s being a jerk. No one, to this day, has ever discovered it.
            On the night of the stakeout, I waited until my mom had kissed me goodnight and both she and my dad had gone to bed. I then, very carefully, rose, grabbed my spy pack from under the bed, and padded downstairs on bare feet so as not to make a sound. I left all the lights off, and clambered into the cupboard mostly by touch. It was a tight fit and hard to do without light, but I eventually got myself in and was able to settle down with my notebook and invisible ink pens in my lap and my night binoculars in my hand. I was all set.
            For the first half hour, my excitement kept me awake and eager so that I didn’t even notice how cramped I was. I scanned the room with my binoculars every five minutes, and I kept running scenarios through my head where I leaped from the cupboard and caught the sock thief red-handed when he attempted to make off with the contents of the laundry hamper. Some of the stories I came up with were pretty exciting, and often involved some ulterior motive for stealing the socks that was usually along the lines of there being a secret code or priceless jewel hidden in with our dirty clothes. I had a pretty fantastic imagination, but truth be told, I think my stories were rather tame in comparison to what really happened.
            My exhilaration kept me going strong for little over half an hour, but at around ten-thirty, I suddenly realized that my butt had gone numb. As my excitement eventually waned, so did my enthusiasm. I checked the room less and less often, and shifted a lot in a futile attempt to relieve the various numbed surfaces on my back, legs, and rear. I began thinking more and more of my bed. I thought of how soft and comfy the covers were, and of how much cooler my bedroom was than that stuffy little cupboard. I began noticing every sharp corner and angle poking into me from all sides, and soon that was all my brain could focus on. The only reason I didn’t leave was because I was, and remain to this day, one of the most stubborn people on the planet. I was sleepy, too, but I couldn’t drift off because of all those corners poking me. In the end, it’s a good thing they were. Otherwise, I never would have seen what happened next.
            I don’t know what time it was, really, but I like to think that it was midnight. Sleep was actually beginning to overcome discomfort by that point, and I had my chin resting on my chest despite a bad neck cramp, my eyes slowly drooping closed. I was just about to drift off entirely, when the sound of something moving in the darkness caught my attention, and I jolted awake with an electric tingling of fear and excitement.  
            The sock thief had arrived.
            Very quietly, I moved my binoculars up from where they’d been resting on my knees and trained them on the crack I’d left in the door. From there, I could clearly see the sliding door that led into the room, the laundry hamper, and one corner of the washing machine. Since I was expecting my thief to come through the door, I focused on that. You can imagine my surprise when the brief flash of movement that I caught in the corner of my night binoculars came from somewhere entirely different—the hamper.
            The lid had jumped.
            Startled, I quickly swung the binoculars around to look at the hamper, just in time to see the lid snap closed. I frowned, confused, and squinted through the lenses.
            A soft rustling on the floor drew my attention away from the hamper, and I quickly shifted my gaze to the base of the wash machine. I just caught a glimpse of something scooting out of sight behind a mop bucket. In the green of the night binoculars, I couldn’t tell what color it was, but it was small and long of body, like a rat. A sour feeling of uneasiness settled on me at the thought that there might be rats in the room with me, and suddenly my stake-out was beginning to seem like a really bad idea. Another snap from the hamper made me jump slightly, my nerves tingling.
            I still couldn’t see what was making the hamper open and close, so I decided to watch and wait for it to happen again. I stared at it for a full minute, ignoring the soft rustling noises from the floor and the rising sense of panic building in the back of my throat. My eyes started to water from holding them open for so long, and I think I was holding my breath. I was just on the verge of blinking and heaving a loud gasp of air when the lid opened again, and I finally saw what had been making the noises.
            A sock.
            I recognized it—one of my white ones with a blue heel and toe and a gaping hole where my big toe had poked through. It slid through the gap that it made by pushing the toe end of its body against the lid, and then crawled, inchworm-style, down the side of the hamper towards the floor. It looked to be in a hurry.
            There were now three of them gathered on the floor, including the newcomer. The first two—both big ones from my dad—had come out of hiding from behind the mop bucket, and were sitting in a loose half-circle with their toe-ends facing inward. They looked like a gathering of flat, oddly-colored caterpillars. I heard the hamper snap twice more, and two more socks joined the first three—one from my mom, and one from my brother. The five of them sat in their little circle, occasionally waving their front ends in a manner that looked to me like some form of greeting. At that point, I still wasn’t entirely sure what I was watching; they looked as if they were gathering together for some purpose, yet they hadn’t done anything since they’d crawled out of the hamper. A minute later, however, I figured out what was going on.
            As if by some sort of signal, all five sock-caterpillars suddenly let themselves drop flat against the floor, and they all stopped moving. I watched, fascinated, as they began to spin some sort of silky thread from the heel-ends of their bodies, each of them encapsulating itself in a cocoon of silk. Soon, all five where completely covered, and the flow of silk stopped. All that was left was five white, bean-shaped lumps on the floor in a little circle.
            I was absolutely ecstatic; I was witnessing the metamorphosis of socks. It was just like the monarch butterflies that we sometimes caught as caterpillars and raised to adulthood, only it was taking place over the course of a few hours. All thoughts of my soft, comfy bed were long gone, and I waited expectantly for the cocoons to hatch and for the adult form of the sock creatures to emerge.
 I didn’t have to wait long—after all, the change had to be done quickly in order to avoid detection by humans, so it stood to reason that it wouldn’t take long for the adults to develop in their little cocoons. Within an hour (which went by in the blink of an eye), the cocoon that my sock had spun was beginning to hatch. A long, ragged crack appeared down the side of the white surface, and a segmented leg poked its way through the shell of hardened silk. The legs were immediately followed by a big, furry head with feathered antenna mounted on top and tiny, black, beadlike eyes positioned directly below the antenna. The thorax followed the head, along with the creature’s fat, fuzzy abdomen and the drooped, rumpled form of its wings.
Two others—my mom’s and one of my dad’s—were beginning to hatch by this point, and the remaining two were beginning to wiggle and rock. As the two latest ones tugged their way free, mine proceeded to twitch and shiver its rumpled wings, drying them out and removing the creases. By the time the last two had begun to crawl out of their cocoons, mine was completely dry, and was giving little experimental flutters of its wings.
The entire creature, though cast in green by my night binoculars, was a pale, off-white color from head to abdomen. Its wings were the same color, with odd, cross-hatched lines running up and down their length. The tips of each lobe of its wings were dark blue in color, with patterns at the base that looked suspiciously like stitch marks. As my mom’s sock slowly unfurled its wings, I noted that it was a bit different—the wingtips were dark gray instead of blue. Each sock-moth, I realized, matched the pattern of the sock that it had changed from, down to the spiderman pattern on my brother’s red and blue sock.
When all five of them were completely hatched, they promptly set about eating the remains of their cocoons. Their strange, multicolored wings shivered as they audibly munched on the dried husks of silk, making them almost look like a flock of pigeons (they were, as you might imagine, quite huge). When they were done with that, they proceeded to test out their new winds, hopping and fluttering about across the laundry room floor in gradually-lengthening bursts of short flight. I was so entranced by it all that I didn’t even noticed that I had been unconsciously leaning forward against the door, balancing on my toes with my free hand gripping one of the big black pots for support. I suppose what happened next was inevitable.
            I eventually reached the point where I was leaning just an inch too far over my center of balance, and my weight became too much for the pot. With a startled shout, I began to fall forward, the cupboard door flying open under my weight and the heavy metal pot falling out after me as I tumbled out into the open, my eyes wide.
            I never saw what happened to the sock-moths—I was too focused on the assortment of jars and sharp corners that I caught on my way down. I managed to curl into a fetal ball on the trip floorwards so as not to injure myself too badly, but the corners and edges that I hit left some uncomfortable bruises, and I must have knocked every jar on the shelf off to judge by the noise. Me, the black pot, a dozen jars of canned beans and some other random things that had been stacked on the shelf all hit the ground at roughly the same time, producing an almighty crash of metal and shattering glass that could have woken the dead. I just sat there, stunned, and watched the patch on the floor where the sock-moths had been. They’d fled, as could be expected, though where to, I never found out. A minute later my mother burst into the room, and promptly shrieked in horror when she saw the state of me and the laundry room.
            I tried to explain—how I’d noticed the unusual number of missing socks and how I’d done the stakeout to catch the thief, and then how the socks had crawled out of the hamper and turned into moths. I did it calmly and with plenty of descriptive facts to back up my claims, yet I might as well have not spoken. My mom, and no one else for that matter, believed me—there wasn’t even a shred of cocoon silk left on the ground as evidence of the strange nighttime transformation—and I was accused of stealing the missing socks in order to make up the story. Never mind that one of them had been my own. In the end, I was given a bath and sent back to bed, and my night binoculars were taken away for a week as punishment for trashing the laundry room.
            I knew I was right, though.
            I’ve tried, multiple times, since that day, to catch the metamorphosis of sock-caterpillars again. Ours must have moved somewhere else, though, since I never saw them in the laundry room again. I suppose I don’t blame them; after all, I intruded on something no human is meant to see, and in order to protect themselves, they had to find somewhere we can’t find them to go about their business.
            In the end, I answered one question: “Why do socks always disappear in the laundry?” Yet I ended up asking a hundred more. For instance, “How do cats always know when you don’t want to be bothered?” and “Why does toast always land buttered-side down?”
            Or even, “If socks can turn into butterflies, what does it mean when one’s underwear goes missing?”
            Perhaps, someday, we’ll find out.

THE END